Sharp Rise in Meningococcal Disease Cases Reported in Vietnam

By Dr. Jonathan Halevy - Family Medical Practice Vietnam

Health authorities in Vietnam have reported a significant increase in cases of invasive meningococcal disease, a serious bacterial infection that can cause meningitis and bloodstream infection.  In the past year, 95 cases were recorded, compared with 21 cases the previous year, representing a 353% increase. Three deaths have been confirmed.  In November 2025 alone, 11 cases of meningococcal meningitis were reported, suggesting ongoing transmission during the winter–spring period, when respiratory infections tend to spread more easily.

What Causes the Disease

The illness is caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis. Several forms of the bacteria exist, known as serogroups.  Five major serogroups; A, B, C, W, and Y, are currently circulating in Vietnam. Health experts are particularly concerned about the increasing presence of serogroup W, which has been associated with higher mortality rates in several regions worldwide.

How It Spreads

The bacteria spread through respiratory droplets and close contact, such as coughing, kissing, or sharing drinks or utensils.  Many healthy teenagers and young adults carry the bacteria in their throat without symptoms, allowing it to spread silently within communities.

Why Early Treatment Is Critical

Meningococcal disease can progress extremely quickly, sometimes becoming life-threatening within hours.  Without treatment, the death rate can reach up to 50%, even with intensive care, mortality is about 8–15%. Around 20% of survivors develop long-term complications, including hearing loss, neurological damage, or limb tissue loss. Early recognition and rapid antibiotic treatment within the first 24 hours significantly improves survival.

Early Symptoms to Watch For

Early symptoms may resemble the flu, which is why the infection is sometimes missed at first. Common early symptoms include:

• Sudden fever

• Severe headache

• Fatigue or unusual sleepiness

• Nausea or vomiting

• Dizziness

• Muscle aches

• Cold hands and feet

• Sensitivity to light

• Confusion or difficulty concentrating

Signs of Meningitis

If the infection develops into Meningococcal Meningitis, additional symptoms may include:

• Stiff neck

• Pain when bending the neck

• Difficulty looking at bright light

• Drowsiness or trouble waking up

Signs of Bloodstream Infection

If the bacteria enter the bloodstream and cause septic shock, warning signs may include:

• A purple or dark rash that does not fade when pressed

• Rapid breathing

• Severe weakness

• Pale or blotchy skin

• Cold, clammy skin

Seek urgent medical care immediately if someone has - high fever together with severe headache, stiff neck, confusion, or a rash.

Prevention: Vaccination

Because many people carry the bacteria without symptoms, vaccination is the most effective way to prevent meningococcal disease.  Protection against the most common strains requires two types of vaccines:

Menactra

Protects against serogroups A, C, W, and Y.

Age to start: from 9 months

Schedule:

• 9–23 months: 2 doses, at least 3 months apart

• 2–55 years: 1 single dose

Boosters

Children vaccinated before age 2 may need a booster after 3 years if they remain at risk. Those vaccinated at age 2 or older may require boosters about every 5 years if exposure risk continues

Bexsero

Protects against serogroup B, historically one of the most common causes of meningococcal disease.

Age to start: from 2 months

Schedule:

• 2–11 months: 2 doses + booster at 12–15 months

• 1–10 years: 2 doses (2 months apart)

• 11–25 years: 2 doses (at least 1 month apart)

Who Should Consider Vaccination

Vaccination is particularly recommended for:

• Infants and young children

• Adolescents and young adults

• Students living in dormitories or boarding schools

• Military recruits

• People with increased exposure risk

   

If you have questions about the meningococcal vaccinations and/or symptoms, please speak with your healthcare provider. Both the Bexsero and Menactra meningitis vaccinations are available at all FMP clinics across Vietnam.

 

Dr. Jonathan Halevy is one of Family Medical Practice’s most respected pediatricians, bringing extensive international training and experience to every patient he treats. A graduate of the prestigious Sackler School of Medicine at Tel Aviv University, he has developed a broad and refined expertise across diverse clinical settings. From routine check-ups to the management of complex conditions, Dr. Halevy is known for his meticulous approach and deep understanding of child health. Trusted by families, he builds strong connections with both children and parents—creating a calm, supportive environment while delivering care to the highest international standards.

FMP Healthcare Group operates medical centres in major cities including HCMC, Ha Noi and Đa Nang, offering consultations with international doctors, check-up centres and emergency ambulance services.

Visit FMP Diamond Plaza in Ho Chi Minh City to consult with Dr. Jonathan Halevy.
To book an appointment, please call (028) 3822 7848 (FMP - Diamond Plaza) email hcmc@vietnammedicalpractice.com